Circuit for propagating wave-forms.



.1). c. JAoKsoN. GIRGUITIOB. PROPAGTING WAVE FORMS.

, APPLICATION FILED SEPT. 23,1901.

Patented Oct. 12, 1909.

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DUGALD' c. recension, 'or aanmeten', WIsconsrn.

CBCUIT FOR PROPAGATING WAVE-FORMS.

Specication of Letters Patent.

Patented Het; i2?,

Application filed September 23, 1901. Serial Noi 76,24?.

To ed( 'whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, DUGALD C. Jaiitsobz, citizenot' the lUnited States, residing at Badison, in the county of Dane and State of d'iseonsim have invented a certain new and usetul improvement in Circuits tor Propagating 'tl'are-Forms, ot' which the following:y is a full, clear, concise`A and exact description, reference being had .to 'the aecoinpanying drawings, forming a part ot' this specification.

My invention relates to circuits for propagatii'ig wave forms, such as alternating or intermittent currents, and has .tor its object the provision or' improved means wherebyy the electrostatic condition or stress existing between the sides of the circuit, commonly known as condenser ettect, may be obyf'iated` it is well known to those skilled in the art that where the sides ot a circuit t'or conveying currents ot' this character are located close together, as` for example, in thesanie cable` in the case of metallic circuitmor where the metal side oll a circuit is located close .to the ground or other conunon return.v a decay and distortion ot' the current arises, due to the electrostatic. capacity. The mathematical theory ot' such decay and distortion has been ect forth by such writers as l'leaviside. and various attempts haye'been made to embody theories proposing' correctives in connnercial form. ltY has been proposed, t'or example, to solve the problem by introducing` self-incitation coils at. regular intervals throughout the cables, the idea being lo neutralize the electrostatic capacity by sections leaving the conductors oiI sections between the self-induction coils free ot any charzwtertstic tending to counteract 5 the elta'irostatic condition that may arise between thc sclfdnthuftancc coils. I propose to overcome these-'defects heretofore existing; in circuits designetfl to convey alternating and intermittent. currents by forming the conductor that is to carry the current in a spiral to create inductance, this Spiral formation being practically"Y continuous throughout the entire circuit, or that portion of the circuit where the sides are closely associated physically and are thus likely to supcrinducc the undesirable elcctrosiatic condition, whereby 1 am enabled to overcome the stress between the sides of the circuit. The conductor ma be wound about a core that is iret'erably o magnetic material,

iron, but, if desired, the core may he hempor other like material, or an air core may be employed. Vlherc a magnetic core is employed, the subdivision thereof into wires or strands is for the purpose of avoiding eddy currents, and the iron .is made Sott inagnetically in order to avoid serions waste of energy through the etlect ot hysteresis.

My invention is susceptible of a variety of modificationsand arrangements, and l will describe the ean'ieiniore fullyY in its broad and Specific aspects, in connection with the acoinpanying drawing.

The drawing illustrates a grounded circuit, the major portion of its metallic side being` in the torni of a self-inductance spiral. telephonie apparatus being illustrated in the circuitl'as one type of current sending' and receiving apparatus. and a supplemental circuit in association with the core of the spiral being indicated to increase the inductance.

in the case o telegraph lines extendingh by cables through largebodiea of water. it iS custon'iary to ground the circuits. ln -such circuits thc self-imluctance is comparatively small, the outgoing conductor in each circuit heine' inunersed in or placed rcry near tho return side oi" the circuit. ae in the 'case ot an ocean cable, where the earth and the ocean water torni the return side. ln such circuits Signalingr by means of intermittent or alternating current limited in speed because ol. tht` lgreat electrostatic -apacity ol the circuits and the decay ot the sigxiialinpA current caused thereby. Huch decay may be mathematically illustrated by the ifollowiiugformula wherein C represents; au alternating current sent into a circuit composed as above. represents the resulting current at a dlstance, say, ot' t miles from the source, c is the numerical constant 2.71S2-l 1r is the numerical constant 3.14MB, the. frequency ot' the alternating current, s the electron static capacity in mic-roitarads 1per nule ot' circuit, audit is the resistance in ohms per mile of circuit.

In telephony it usual to employ complete metallic circuits. but the circuit con dnctors in the cables are twisted togetl'xer in pairs to avoid mutual interference of the circuits (or cross talk), a consequence being composed ot very tine wires of the softest A that the seltdndln'ztance of each circuit is. re-

duced to a comparatively small value, the i mathematical formula above given applying approximately to To overcome the defects above pointed out, l introduce into the circuit-s,'substantially throughout the same in an approximately uniform manner, self-inductance in a degree servingto partially or wholly neutralize the elfect ot' the electrostatic capacity between the sides ot the circuits and to sufficiently overcome the decay of' the current. These undesirable .teatro-es, theelcctrostatie capacity and its cli'ect, the decay ot' the transmitted current, may be practically avoided if self-induction oi' the right value in comparison with the electrostatic capacity is chosen. The condition of decay of an alternating' current in a circuit with self-inductance and capacity, when the resistance is not too great, may be shown by the 'followini;` formula:

C/ wherein L is the sell-iruluctance (coefficient oi' self-induction) per mile of ei cuit, given in henries, the other symbols having the same meanimfi` pointed out in connection with the iirst -formula.

ln practicingY my invention, the necessary counteracting. seli-induetance is introduced into these portionsl of the circuit whose sides are close together, as, ior example, when they are assembled in the'form of metallic coinluctor: -,I in a single cable or where in a ,grounded circuit the metallic-side lies close lo the `ground or other common return, so that the decay and distortion ot the current may be reduced to any desired degree or entirely prevented` rlihe conductor of the cable is preferably in the torni oi a spirally wound ribbon of copper or aluminum (l, as indicated in the dra-wing, particularly where grounded or common return circuits are employed. ln the case or common return circuits the conductor maybe insulated from its core or not, as preferred. It the cable is 'tor underground or submarine use, it may be externally sheathed and insulated in the usual manner. Any et the well known ways oi constructing the cable and insulating the' saine 'may be employed, and l do not, therefore, deem the detailed description thereotl to be essential. The cable thus constructed may be laid with the same facility and by the same means as those new `generally in use. v

then the spi ally formed conduct-or is provided with a. continiuuis metallic core c, as indicated in the drawing, the core and spiral conductor ma); be conductively distinct, in which case with the remaining side of'lhe circuit and form' a parallel path with the remaininl such telephone circuits.

the core may coperatc f a frequency oi ceases the conductor wrapped in a spiral, as dei.

be derived with approximate the following formula:

scribed, may accuracy trom wherein L is the self-inductanee per mile oI.

circuit in henries, n is the total number ofturns et' conductor around the core per mile oi" circuit, 'D is the diameter et the core in mils, ,t is the magnetic permeability of the core.

Submarine or other cables which serve to carry intermittent currents preferably should not be provided .with a` magnetic core, er it' a magnetic core is employed it should be interrupted by narrow non-magnetic spaces at intervals, which preferably do not exceed a, toot, in order that the retentiveness of the iron shall not reduce the apparent reactance with the intermittent current. llt may be assumed that the iron has pern'ieability high as 200 units at the very low degree of magnetization which may be caused by the signaling current, butthe permeability may be increased to many times this value by introducing a special, steady inagnetizing` current. This arrangement is illustrated in the figure, Where the special, steady magnetizing` current is furnished from a source of direct current f, which is included in circuit with a conductor g, a portion of whose length surrounds the magnetic core and is spirally disposed. This sui'ipleinental circuit, including the batter f f and conductor g, serves to set up lines et force in the core, and. in this manner increase the permeability in accordance with laws ot' magnetism that are well understood.

To illustrate the effect oit' my invention, l will assume a subn'iarine cable et the prior art that is rei'piired to span a stretch of sea between two cities which requires 200 miles et' circuit. if the cable is oi the usual construction and the circuit has the following characteristics (which are within the limits of the ordinary practice), l() ohms resistance per mile, .3 microt'arads capacity per mile, and negligible self-inductance, then the y'alue of when is given the value of 2500. In other words, it an alternatiiig` current which has 30() periods per second is delivered to one end et this cable, only 25 inillionths et that current will reach the far end. llf'ith a, cable possessing` the characteristics herein set forth, having` a core oi' lOO mils eli'eetive diameter, while the v Cit permeability.

spiral conductor has 80,00() per mile of cable,

ered `to one end of the cable, the portion which reaches the other end is over six onethousandths of the original stre 'gth of the sending current. Such a cable gives very high speed for telegraph signaling and the trnsmitted signals are very little distorted. Such acable is also adapted for telephonie conununication, its application to this purpose being illustrated in the drawing.

ln the drawing I hare illustrated u'ell known `types of telephone substation appa`- ratus, each station being provided with a tele ihone switch hook Ii. connected with a conductor (i .fi telephone receiver z' in a local circuitwith the secondary /u ot' an induction coil, the primary' lof the induction coil being adapted for inclusion in the circuit with the conductor a when the switch hook is relieved of the influence ot a telephone red ceirer, a branch conductor vincluding the primary Z also containing.,` in this instance, u battery m, in addition to the, usual telephone transmitter lii. f

The elearness of the transmission of telegraphic/ or telephonie signals may be iinpro'ved 'to any desired degree the self-induotance of the cable. up to the point ot completely ucutraling the` capacity. This may be donc, for insta-nce, by increasl ing either the diameter oil thecore or its It may. be also done by in- ,-.reasing the number of efr-alps or turns which the conductor mile. Suppose that, the magnetic' permeability ot the core is increased ourtold b v'soine such plan asi has been suggested. above; then the value ofitlic exponent in the expression n1 s @n2-kim( il) is reduced by one-half. ani lor il set torth above the cXiiression becomes cable of this consti-action would admit. ot' very eti'ectire teleplio'nhl comuiunicatici.I

diere the cable is used tor telcgi'aphy. ilV is preferable to construct it with a uniform core and use alternating currents 't'or signaling. Satisfactory results may, hour-Yer` be secured with intermittent currents. the core then being preferably interrupted as alresidy described. A iierioilicnlly inlcriiiittcnt t'uuc tion may be represented by a series ol ulterby increasing makes around the core in each ie exliiniple `function ot' the Thus when an alterna-ting current is delii'- .i

iigi'iaplne signaling,

.coninionreturns, il 'one-half of each circuit being made up of a nating functions, and therefore the decine tions regarding the cables made heretofore with respeet to the alternatii'ig 'current flow through them also apply to the inierinittent lion'. The use of these currents is well understood in telegiaiihy und l have not deemed it essential to show a receii'ing instrument for the alternating current. The frequency of 30() periods per second is the highest frequcuer which need receive serious consideration when tele` eren ot' comparatively high speed, is under consideration.V

'l'lie foregoing descripi'iom u'hile generically nplplicable to all circuits` is speciically applicati e to circuits possessing grounded or lustrated in the drawing,

metall conductor. .lt is desirable, especially in telephony, and in the ease of high pres sure alternating current. to employ complete metallic circuits, to which the invention is equally applicable.

The outgoing and incoming conductors are both preferably spil-ally Wound around :i common core or axis in such direct ions that the magnetic e'tlects of the outgoing und incoming currents on the core are added. lhen the self-induetion ot the cable is depcnilciu' on the square of the, number of turns in the o outgoing and incoming limbs of the circuits, taken.- together.- 'lo mathematically illustrate the. phenomena of such a circuit arrangement. suppose an iiiulergrouud leleplioue cable is made of copper u'ire orconductor which measures 22 ohmsI per mile and which, from the constructioi'i used, has an electrostatic capacity of .l microt'arads per mile of Wire, and that there is 50 ntiiles of wire. Suppose that it is desired to construct this cable in such a wuy that the decay of the euri-ent is indicated by Then the cable must be'made with suitable 1020 and Dr-.990 mils, which is the theoretical telephonie circuit,

i cable of the immediately 'theself-inductance of the telephone instru- .inents at each end of the line serves to a tsist in counter-acting the eiiect of the ca pacity. rl-hisefiect would make'it possible invention as adaptable tor to reduce the dia-meter ot thc coro to perhaps not much exceeding 200 nii-ls, without greatly i circuits including telephonie and telt-graphic injuring the telephonie transmission, or the diameter of the conducting wire, thus clienting a, proportionate reduction in cost.

l i l If it be assumed, that the highest voice harmonic Which it is necessary to preserve i -for satisfactory telephonie transmission resultsin an alternating current which has a frequency of 1,000 periods per second in a then the strengths ot' the 'for the adjusted teleplionic transmission pi'eceuiifigl example and a cable of equal length of the usual form iliade ot' wires oi equal size, relative proportions ot 5132.5 :,081 and @Ml-l .017.

The tirst 'formula indicates a condition for satisfactory communication. while the latter indicates a condition that would be totally inoperative 'for telephonie purposes.

Any predetermined distribution of the resistance, seliA-inductance and capacity may be obtained. vTo this end the diameter of the coi'iductor may be changed or the sine of the core varied, or the pitch'ot the spiral adjusted, or various combinations of these changes may be effected, to produce the required result..

By providing inductance continuously throughout the cable Iain enabledto secure far superior results to those hitherto attained.

Obviously my invention is designed to remove the objection heretofore existing to that part oli an alternating current circuit likely to give rise to capacity. Those portions of 'an' alternating current circuit that are not likely to cause disadvantageous capacit-y obviously need not be arranged in accordance with the invention, the invention herein relating primarily to that part of the circuit Where the disadvantageous capacity would be in the i likely to exist, the inductance existing sulostantially continuously throughout this cii'- cuit portion. i

ln my Patent No. '789,738 issued May 16, 1905. l have shown and claimed a method toi' prepagating,` Wave forms employing apparatus discloscd'in the present application.

I have herein particularly described my use in connection with cables containing conductors forming instruments, but I do not Wish to be limited to the use to which the cables may he put, nor do l Wish to be limited to the precise disclosure of the invention herein set forth,

l as modifications may readily be made Without departing from the spirit thereof; but

Having thus described my invention, I claim as new and desire to secure by Let# ters 'Patentzw l.. waye conductingcircuit haring a conductor and a Imagnetic core about which the conductor is disposedto produce inductance to counteract capacity, the said core beingl included in the circuit, and means for increasing the inductaiice.

l g i circuit having a 2. A Wave conducting magnetic material conductor and a core o about which, the conductor is disposed to produce inductance to counteract capacity, the said core .being in metallic contact With the conductor, and means for increasing the indue-tance.

3. A Wave conducting circuit having a conductor and magnetic material with 'which the conductor is associated to produce inducta'nce to counteract capacity, and means 'for increasing the inductaiice, both the conductor and magnetic material being in the Wave-eonducting circuit.

el. A Wave-.conducting circuit having a conductor composed of highly conductive material and magnetic material mutually arranged to produce inductance to counteract capacity, and an additional circuit including the conductor for increasing the inductance. In witness whereof, hereunto subscribe my name this 26th day of' Aug. A.. D., 1901.

' DUGALD C. JACKSON. lWitnesses t L C. F. Boneless, 'Unitarier-'rn Neuron.

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